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共分散(covariance)
共分散(covariance)
共
分
散
の
項
は
で
と
で
回
あ
る
の
で
倍
Cov
[
X
,
Y
]
=
E
[
(
X
−
E
[
X
]
)
(
Y
−
E
[
Y
]
)
]
⋯
共
分
散
(
c
o
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
)
Cov
[
c
0
X
i
,
c
1
X
j
]
=
E
[
(
c
0
X
i
−
E
[
c
0
X
i
]
)
(
c
1
X
j
−
E
[
c
1
X
j
]
)
]
⋯
Cov
[
X
,
Y
]
=
E
[
(
X
−
E
[
X
]
)
(
Y
−
E
[
Y
]
)
]
=
E
[
(
c
0
X
i
−
c
0
E
[
X
¯
]
)
(
c
1
X
j
−
c
1
E
[
X
¯
]
)
]
⋯
E
[
c
X
]
=
c
E
[
X
]
=
E
[
c
0
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
¯
]
)
c
1
(
X
j
−
E
[
X
¯
]
)
]
=
c
0
c
1
E
[
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
¯
]
)
(
X
j
−
E
[
X
¯
]
)
]
⋯
E
[
c
X
]
=
c
E
[
X
]
=
c
0
c
1
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
j
]
V
[
∑
i
=
1
n
X
i
]
=
V
[
X
1
+
⋯
+
X
i
+
⋯
+
X
n
]
=
E
[
{
(
X
1
+
⋯
+
X
i
+
⋯
+
X
n
)
−
E
[
X
1
+
⋯
+
X
i
+
⋯
+
X
n
]
}
2
]
=
E
[
{
X
1
+
⋯
+
X
i
+
⋯
+
X
n
−
E
[
X
1
]
−
⋯
−
E
[
X
i
]
−
⋯
−
E
[
X
n
]
}
2
]
=
E
[
{
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
+
⋯
+
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
i
]
)
+
⋯
+
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
}
2
]
=
E
[
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
2
+
⋯
+
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
(
X
j
−
E
[
X
j
]
)
+
⋯
+
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
+
⋯
+
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
i
]
)
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
+
⋯
+
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
i
]
)
(
X
j
−
E
[
X
j
]
)
+
⋯
+
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
i
]
)
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
+
⋯
+
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
+
⋯
+
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
(
X
j
−
E
[
X
j
]
)
+
⋯
+
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
2
]
=
E
[
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
2
]
+
⋯
+
E
[
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
(
X
j
−
E
[
X
j
]
)
]
+
⋯
+
E
[
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
]
+
⋯
+
E
[
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
i
]
)
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
]
+
⋯
+
E
[
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
i
]
)
(
X
j
−
E
[
X
j
]
)
]
+
⋯
+
E
[
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
i
]
)
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
]
+
⋯
+
E
[
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
(
X
1
−
E
[
X
1
]
)
]
+
⋯
+
E
[
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
(
X
j
−
E
[
X
j
]
)
]
+
⋯
+
E
[
(
X
n
−
E
[
X
n
]
)
2
]
⋯
E
[
X
+
Y
]
=
E
[
X
]
+
E
[
Y
]
=
Cov
[
X
1
,
X
1
]
+
⋯
+
Cov
[
X
1
,
X
j
]
+
⋯
+
Cov
[
X
1
,
X
n
]
+
⋯
+
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
1
]
+
⋯
+
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
j
]
+
⋯
+
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
n
]
+
⋯
+
Cov
[
X
n
,
X
1
]
+
⋯
+
Cov
[
X
n
,
X
j
]
+
⋯
+
Cov
[
X
n
,
X
n
]
=
∑
i
=
1
n
∑
j
=
1
n
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
j
]
⋯
E
[
(
X
i
−
E
[
X
i
]
)
(
X
j
−
E
[
X
j
]
)
]
=
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
j
]
=
∑
i
=
1
n
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
i
]
+
2
∑
i
<
j
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
j
]
⋯
Cov
の
項
は
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
j
]
=
Cov
[
X
j
,
X
i
]
で
i
<
j
と
i
>
j
で
2
回
あ
る
の
で
2
倍
=
∑
i
=
1
n
V
[
X
i
]
+
2
∑
i
<
j
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
j
]
⋯
Cov
[
X
i
,
X
i
]
=
V
[
X
i
]
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